I don't include references on my "Hey look, I am out here if ever you need a stage manager/LD/SD/Event Coordinator/Whatever, keep me on your books" resume - however if applying for a specific position, I always try to find one that is most applicable and include a note that further references available by request.
I think that making them call you for a reference when you have a specific position in mind is a tad rude - I know when employing people I like to check up on them as much as I can, and basically avoid personal contact with them unless they are a shoe-in for an interview. A phone call to the applicant gives some form of hope that there will be an interview involved - so if everyone omitted references, then about 60% would be dissapointed in a weeks time (in my experiance), when a Dear John arrives in the mail.
As for length - for an SM, 1 page. It is a cut throat industry - and a single glance is often used to cull through the resumes.
Distribution - Email where possible. A couple of things though about email:
1) Cover letter should be in the body of the email, NOT AN ATTACHMENT!!!!!!
2) Resume should be in a format that is accessible to anyone - that means PDF is the best way. Formatting changes across Office versions, however most PC's have Acrobat - even 10-15 year old PC's.
3) Try not to send from l00k_at_my_1337_kool_email_address@hotmail.com (or johnnyboy_87@hotmail.com or whatever). Most ISP's give you an email account, or you can sign up with a decent name - preferable something that closely resembles your own - at somewhere like hotmail, gmail, yahoo mail, mail.com etc.